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Warp wrote:
> clipka <nomail@nomail> wrote:
>> Just as you cannot rely on the char type to be an 8-bit integer. Or pointers to
>> be of the same size as long int, for that matter.
>
> Or all pointers having the same size.
Well, that's been the case for different memory areas for a long time. Near
vs far pointers, at least. I guess folks don't remember way back in the bad
old days of x86 any more. :-)
--
Darren New, San Diego CA, USA (PST)
"We'd like you to back-port all the changes in 2.0
back to version 1.0."
"We've done that already. We call it 2.0."
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Warp <war### [at] tag povrayorg> wrote:
> If you are writing C which must be portable to obscure embedded systems,
> microwave ovens, 30-years-old obsolete mainframes and such, then you will
> have to take that and a whole lot of other things into account. OTOH, if
> you are just writing C for the PC, Mac and a few Unix computers out there,
> the rules can often be relaxed a bit.
.... though you shouldn't without need, because future portability is a
portability issue that typically applies to all software.
You never know what future hardware architectures bring.
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I once bought Zortech C for the price of a new PC just because it promised
easy access to large memory chunks, so I could address the whole 16MB of
memory the PC had. A broken promise, btw...
Well, thoses were the times of Turbo C, Turbo Pascal, 20 MB harddisks and 1
MHz processors...
BTW: my first computer was a VIC with a whole 5 kB main memory. To draw
complex graphics (like a monochrome sine curve ;-) you had to fill the video
memory with a sequence of ASCII chars, map the dot-matrix for those chars
(8x16 dots) to memory, and then redefine the respective rectangular
dot-matrices so that a graphical output would happen. If you have done this,
everything windows throws at you is just a minor nuisance ;-)
"Darren New" <dne### [at] sanrrcom> schrieb im Newsbeitrag
news:4a7227fe$1@news.povray.org...
> Warp wrote:
>> clipka <nomail@nomail> wrote:
>>> Just as you cannot rely on the char type to be an 8-bit integer. Or
>>> pointers to
>>> be of the same size as long int, for that matter.
>>
>> Or all pointers having the same size.
>
> Well, that's been the case for different memory areas for a long time.
> Near vs far pointers, at least. I guess folks don't remember way back in
> the bad old days of x86 any more. :-)
>
> --
> Darren New, San Diego CA, USA (PST)
> "We'd like you to back-port all the changes in 2.0
> back to version 1.0."
> "We've done that already. We call it 2.0."
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Darren New <dne### [at] sanrrcom> wrote:
> People often mistakenly argue that C++ guarantees the bit pattern is
> zero because you now write { char* x = 0; } instead of { char* x = NULL; }
BTW, those are perfectly identical according to the C99 spec: NULL *is* either
defined as the numeric literal 0, or the very same cast to void*.
People forget though that char* x = 0 actually involves an implicit typecast -
just like they forget (or never learn in the first place) that a typecast in C
does *not* necessarily preserve the binary representation...
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"TC" <do-not-reply@i-do get-enough-spam-already-2498.com> wrote:
> BTW: my first computer was a VIC with a whole 5 kB main memory. To draw
> complex graphics (like a monochrome sine curve ;-) you had to fill the video
> memory with a sequence of ASCII chars, map the dot-matrix for those chars
> (8x16 dots) to memory, and then redefine the respective rectangular
> dot-matrices so that a graphical output would happen. If you have done this,
> everything windows throws at you is just a minor nuisance ;-)
Heh - the Amstrad CPC featured dedicated 16kB of pure-graphics display memory;
however, due to (mis-)using a display controller originally designed for text
operation, it wasn't too straightforward either:
- a raster line would be comprised of 80 bytes
- a batch of consecutive raster lines would have an address offset of 2048 to
each other
- each batch of lines would have an address offset of 80 bytes to one another
And if you forgot to clear the screen before directly accessing the display
memory, the start address might have been anywhere, due to the hardware
scrolling capabilities of the display controller...
(Double-buffering was nice though: The display controller could access any of
the four 16kB banks of RAM; bank 1 and 3 were of no use as the firmware used
parts for special purposes, but bank 4 was dedicated to the display, and with a
small enough program bank 2 could serve as a second frame buffer.)
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clipka wrote:
> Darren New <dne### [at] sanrrcom> wrote:
>> People often mistakenly argue that C++ guarantees the bit pattern is
>> zero because you now write { char* x = 0; } instead of { char* x = NULL; }
>
> BTW, those are perfectly identical according to the C99 spec: NULL *is* either
> defined as the numeric literal 0, or the very same cast to void*.
I know that. I was under the impression that C++ got rid of the possibility
of it being a cast, and strongly suggested people just use the literal 0.
> People forget though that char* x = 0 actually involves an implicit typecast -
> just like they forget (or never learn in the first place) that a typecast in C
> does *not* necessarily preserve the binary representation...
Yes. Well of course { float f = 2; } involves a change in the
representation. A lot of people also forget that pointers to functions have
different rules from pointers to data (like, you can't cast them to void*
reliably).
--
Darren New, San Diego CA, USA (PST)
"We'd like you to back-port all the changes in 2.0
back to version 1.0."
"We've done that already. We call it 2.0."
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TC wrote:
> BTW: my first computer was a VIC with a whole 5 kB main memory. To draw
> complex graphics (like a monochrome sine curve ;-) you had to fill the
> video memory with a sequence of ASCII chars, map the dot-matrix for
> those chars (8x16 dots) to memory, and then redefine the respective
> rectangular dot-matrices so that a graphical output would happen. If you
> have done this, everything windows throws at you is just a minor
> nuisance ;-)
mmm. 8 bit computing ;)
A long time ago, I did some work with a Gamboy Color game, which aside
from the Z80 clone processor it was using was kind of similar to the
NES. There's a reason the backgrounds are tile-based on those consoles. ;)
I'm more familiar with how the NES graphics system worked, than I am the
GBC's graphics system (I had access to Nintendo's developer
documentation, the NES documentation fascinated me, since I (mis)spent a
lot of time playing NES games) essentially you had a character table
that had the sprites defined, each character comprised of four colors,
8x8 so, each scanline of the character was 16 bits wide. You defined
those characters, then referenced them in a table, along with some
flags, one of which was which of the 4 loaded palettes to use when
drawing that character on screen. The table was 2 screens, either
vertical or horizontal (and could be scrolled either way, there was also
a special trick to scroll both vertically and horizontally.) I want to
say there were 2 bytes per entry, one was the block, the other was the
flags. Sprites were also handled by the same character table/palette
system.
Wow... that was a huge digression.. ahem.. ;)
--
~Mike
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Darren New wrote:
> By my reading, neither C nor C++ guarantee the following:
>
> union {
> long x;
> char* y;
> } xyz;
> xyz.y = NULL;
> printf("%ld\n", xyz.x);
>
> Neither C nor C++ guarantees that'll be zero (assuming
> sizeof(char*)==sizeof(long)). In other words, neither guarantees that
> the bit pattern in memory for NULL is actually all zeros, right?
C/C++ unions are intended for allowing one piece of memory to store
different types. It has been used as a conversion mechanism by
enterprising coders, but this requires excellent knowledge of the
implementation of each type in the union. Consequently code like this
cannot be guaranteed portable.
Furthermore, NULL is a pre-processor #define, and thus is also
implementation-specific. Sure, NULL is defined as 0 on every platform
for which I've ever coded (so that I often type "0" when I'm supposed to
type "NULL") but I'm sure that an exception can be found at places like
www.thedailywtf.com .
Regards,
John
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